Abstract
Inhalable particulate matter (PM10), comprising fine and thoracic coarse particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10-2.5, respectively), is emitted from several sources. The sources includes construction and agricultural activities, transportation, industrial processes, power plants, wildfires, household solid cookfuels and suspensions or re-suspensions from unpaved roads, mining and natural sources. Previous studies, specifically from developed countries and China have shown that PM10 may contain several dangerous organic chemicals (DOCCs). However, very little is known about PM10 in developing countries. Therefore is study seeks to identify the DOCCs in airborne PM10 in Nagpur district, India. We collected 24-hr ambient PM10 samples from urban, peri-urban and rural areas of the district during wintertime (January, 2013). The DOCCs in the PM10 were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated hydrocarbons, dioxins, furans, phthalate esters, aldehydes, ketones, phenols and organic acids are major DOCCs in the PM10. Quantitative analysis of thirteen individual PAHs in the PM10 revealed concentrations that greatly exceeded health-based guideline. This suggests that prolong inhalation of such PM10 may pose adverse risk to health of the population.
Export citation and abstract BibTeX RIS
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
References
- [1]Etchie T O, Sivanesan S, Adewuyi G O, Krishnamurthi K, Rao P S, Etchie A T, Pillarisetti A, Arora N K and Smith K R 2017 Environ. Int. 102 145-56
- [2]Etchie T O, Etchie A T, Adewuyi G O, Pillarisetti A, Sivanesan S, Krishnamurthi K and Arora N K 2018 Environ. Pollut. 236 146-57
- [3]Pope C A and Dockery D W 2006 J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 56 709-42
- [4]United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2011 National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants: industrial, commercial, and institutional boilers and process heaters (USA: Research Triangle Park) EPA-HQ-QAR-2002-0058
- [5]Wang Z, Ren P, Sun Y, Ma X, Liu X, Na G and Yao Z 2013 Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20 5753-63
- [6]Zhu X, Zhou C, Henkelmann B, Wang Z, Ma X, Pfister G, Schramm K-W, Chen J, Ni Y, Wang W and Mu J 2013 Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. 33 265-88
- [7]Etchie T O, Sivanesan S, Etchie A T, Adewuyi G O, Krishnamurthi K, George K V and Rao P S 2018 Chemosphere 204 277-89
- [8]Inazu K, Nam V D, Asato T, Okochi H, Hisamatsu Y, Kobayashi T and Baba T 2008 Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. 28 562-77
- [9]Ishaq R, Näf C, Zebäuhr Y, Broman D and Järnberg U 2003 Chemosphere 50 1131-50
- [10]Bi X, Sheng G, Peng P, Chen Y and Fu J 2005 Atmos. Environ. 39 477-87
- [11]Forbes P B and Rohwer E R 2009 Environ Pollut 157 2529-35
- [12]Forbes P B and Rohwer E R 2010 WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 136 367-77
- [13]Yeo H-G, Choi M, Chun M-Y and Sunwoo Y 2003 Atmos. Environ. 37 3561-70
- [14]Hearn L K, Hawker D W, Toms L-M and Mueller J F 2013 Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 92 222-8
- [15]Oh J-E, Chang Y-S, Kim E-J and Lee D-W 2002 Atmos. Environ. 36 5109-17
- [16]Chao M-R, Hu C-W, Ma H-W, Chang-Chien G-P, Lee W-J, Chang LW and Wu K-Y 2003 Atmos. Environ. 37 4945-54
- [17]Lee J H, Hopke P K, Holsen T M, Polissar A V, Lee D-W, Edgerton E S, Ondov J M and Allen G 2005 Aerosol Sci. Technol. 39 261-75
- [18]Gullett B, Touati A and Oudejans L 2008 Atmos. Environ. 42 7997-8006
- [19]Black R R, Meyer C P, Touati A, Gullett B K, Fiedler H and Mueller JF 2011 Chemosphere 83 1331-8
- [20]Mandalakis M, Tsapakis M, Tsoga A and Stephanou E G 2002 Atmos. Environ. 36 4023-35
- [21]Menichini E, Iacovella N, Monfredini F and Turrio-Baldassarri L 2007 Chemosphere 69 422-34
- [22]Alves C, Pio C and Duarte A 2001 Atmos. Environ. 35 5485-96
- [23]Pio C, Alves C and Duarte A 2001 Atmos. Environ. 35 389-401
- [24]Sofuoglu A, Cetin E, Bozacioglu S S, Sener G D and Odabasi M 2004 Atmos. Environ. 38 4483-93
- [25]Yang Y, Li D and Mu D 2008 Atmos. Environ. 42 677-87
- [26]Xu D, Dan M, Song Y, Chai Z and Zhuang G 2005 Atmos. Environ. 39 4119-28
- [27]Qadir R M, Abbaszade G, Schnelle-Kreis J, Chowc J C and Zimmermann R 2013 Environ. Pollut. 175 158-67
- [28]Etchie A T, Etchie T O, Shen H, Pillarisetti A and Popovicheva O 2019 Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 178 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.028
- [29]Singla V, Pachauri T, Satsangi A, Kumari K M and Lakhani A 2012 Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. 32 199-220
- [30]Wickramasinghe A P, Karunaratne D G and Sivakanesan R 2011 Atmos. Environ. 45 2642-50
- [31]Ana G, Sridhar MK and Emerole G O 2012 J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 62 18-25
- [32]Salaudeen I A, Sonibare O O, Sojinu S and Ekundayo O 2017 Pollut. 3 561-73
- [33]Callén M S, López J M, Iturmendi A and Mastral A M 2013 Environ. Pollut. 183 166-74
- [34]Guo H, Lee S C, Ho K F, Wang X M and Zou S C 2003 Atmos. Environ. 37 5307-17
- [35]Wang G, Huang L, Zhao X, Niu H and Dai Z 2006 Atmos. Res. 81 54-66
- [36]Wang X Y, Li Q B, Luo Y M, Ding Q, Xi L M, Ma J M, Li Y, Liu Y P and Cheng C L 2010 Environ. Monit. Assess. 165 295-305
- [37]Dallarosa J B, Elba C, Teixeira E C, Pires M and Fachel J 2005 Atmos. Environ. 39 6587-96
- [38]Kouimtzis T, Samara C, Voutsa D, Balafoutis C and Müller L 2002 Chemosphere 47 193-205
- [39]Li J, Zhang G, Guo L, Xu W, Li X, Lee CSL, Ding A and Wang T 2007 Atmos. Environ. 41 3889-903
- [40]Singh DP, Gadi R and Mandal TK 2011 Atmos. Environ. 45 7653-63
- [41]Argyropoulos G, Grigoratos T, Voutsinas M and Samara C 2013 Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20 7214-30
- [42]Ducret-Stich R E, Tsai M-Y, Thimmaiah D, Künzli N, Hopke P K and Phuleria H C 2013 Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20 6496-508
- [43]Hoinaski L, Franco D, Stuetz R M, Sivret E C and de Melo Lisboa H 2013 Environ. Technol. 34 2453-63
- [44]Pandey P, Patel D K, Khan A H, Barman S C, Murthy R C and Kisku G C 2013 J. Environ. Sci. Health A 48 730-45
- [45]Yadav S and Satsangi PG 2013 Environ. Monit. Assess. 185 7365-79
- [46]Tositti L, Brattich E, Masiol M, Baldacci D, Ceccato D, Parmeggiani S, Stracquadanio M and Zappoli S 2014 Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21 872-90